The European Union is often referred to as an international Essay

The European Union is often referred to as an international organisation sui generis (of its own kind). What makes the European - Essay Example Therefore the EU is primarily regarded as a supranational organization since it requires the transfer of some measure of sovereignty to the organs of the EU. Moreover, many decisions made by the EU are enforceable irrespective of member state cooperation and coordination.4 For example, in Cassis de Dijon the European Court of Justice ruled that a member state could not impose qualitative restrictions on goods from another member state.5 Moreover, in Kramer, it was held that where the EC had competence in a policy area, the member state could not act on its own accord.6 Thus the ECJ has ruled against the exercise of state sovereignty in giving force to the idea of a supranational EU. It has also been argued however, that the EU is nothing more than an example of regional integration since much of the political and economic integration networks within the EU, like all other regional organizations, depend on Member States’ voluntary compliance.7 In this paper it is argued, that a lthough the EU may share some similarities with regional and international organizations, it is substantively different and can best be described as a supranational organization and is the only one of its kind. The most important differences between the EU and other international organizations is the concept of shared sovereignty. From its inception, with the implementation of the Treaty of Rome 1957, the founding of the European Economic Community which only constituted 6 states, was an agreement in which each of the states â€Å"agreed to limit, but not totally transfer national sovereignty† in terms of â€Å"economic policy to a set of common institutions†.8 By virtue of the Treaty of Rome 1957, Member States agreed to common economic policies and the removal of trade barriers.9 While this alone would have made the founding arm of the EU similar to the World Trade Organization, the Treaty of Rome went farther requiring the establishment of a European Bank, policies for increasing employment and an amalgamation of transport and agricultural policies.10 In addition, sovereignty was transferred from among the Member States in terms of keeping with the common market principles to a Council of Europe, a Commission and a Court of Justice.11 With more states joining the Community, the Treaty of the European Union 1993 was signed in 1992 and is also known as the Maastricht Treaty which â€Å"absorbed the former† Community.12 The new Treaty (which has been amended to further clarify the functioning of the EU, by the Treaty of Lisbon 2007) went beyond economic union and added a pillar of political and legal union among the Member States.13 The Maastricht Treaty established a European Parliament and a Court of Auditors which expanded on the institutions developed by the Treaty of Rome 1957.14 In addition, the Maastricht Treaty established citizenship of all citizens of Member States.15 This aspect of citizenship not only cedes some measure of sove reignty to the EU, but also sets the EU apart from any other

Promote In-Patient Safety Awareness between Staff and Inpatient in Dissertation

Promote In-Patient Safety Awareness between Staff and Inpatient in Regards of Incidence Misidentification at SMC - Dissertation Example Lack of managerial support, inability to develop a dynamic work environment, and failure to establish positive attitudes towards colleagues and the work itself were all found to lead to adverse outcomes in change implementation. Thus, improvement of managers’ performance along with the increase of staff members’ awareness and knowledge of wristband application practises and guidelines was emphasized in the project. Recommendations and implications for practise have been presented as well. Because the management was found out to be incapable of establishing a helpful environment for the members, it is important that training and support are provided for both the staff members as well as the management. In this manner, both parties can undertake the necessary transformations for improving a culture of safety through effective patient identification. Acknowledgments I would like to extend my thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Hala Bader Sulaibckh, for her support, encouragement, positive criticisms, confidence, and patience. Thanks also go to my thesis committee members, Dr. Jonathan Drennan and Ms. Kathrin Abu Zaid, for their time, guidance, and support. Extreme appreciation is extended to Asma Ahmed Al Arwalle for her support and willingness to help. Additional thanks goes to the Dr. Hala Sweed for her explanation and guidance during thesis journey. Also thanks goes to all the staff how welcoming me into their department. I was continually impressed by the level of care and compassion shown to the patients in the challenging Salmanyia Medical Complex (SMC) environment. A special thanks to those who participated in the project, for their spirited discussions and enthusiasm to make their hospital as safe as possible. I am also very grateful to Dr. Wafa Guirguis from the Ministry of Health as external advisor and evaluator for hospital clinical indicator for her help, keenness, and support in finding meaning in the measures. Last but definitely not least, t hanks to my family and friends, who’s determined, hopefulness was furtively appreciated. Table of Contents Page Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 Rationale for carrying out the change 10 1.3 Summary 10 Chapter 2 the Literature Review 12 2.1Introduction 12 2.2 Inpatient Journey 12 2.3 Patient Safety 13 2.4 Flow of Inpatient Identification Information 18 2.5 Wristband Implementation: An Overview 20 2.6 Summary 23 Chapter 3 Methods 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Change process 26 3.3 Change model 28 3.3.1 Establishment of Urgency 30 3.3.2 A Guiding Coalition 30 3.3.3 Vision and Strategy 31 3.3.4 Communication 31 3.3.5 Empowerment of Members 32 3.3.6 Creation of Short-Term Wins 33 3.3.7 Consolidation of Improvements 33 3.3.8 Institutionalization of New Approaches 34 3.4 Summary 34 Chapter 4 Evaluation 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Current Situation before Change 35 Figure 1. Frequency and percentage breakdown: Use of IDs 37 Figure 2. Frequency and percentage breakdown: Reasons why IDs were not worn 37 Figure 3.Frequency and percentage breakdown: Name 38 Figure 4. Frequency and percentage breakdown: CPR 38 Figure 5. Frequency and pe